Sunday, April 15, 2012
Doubling the power every eighteen months
The reason that computer power doubles every eighteen months (which is Moore's Law) is because scientists use ultraviolet radiations to "etch" tinier and tinier components onto a silicon chip. This technique is very similar to the way stencils are used to create colorful T-Shirts.Computer Engineer starts with thin wafer and then apply extremely thin coatings of various materials on top. A plastic mask is then placed over the wafer, which acts as a template. It contains the complex outlines of the wires, transistors and computer components that are the basic skeleton of the circuitry. The wafer is then bathed in ultraviolet radiation, which has a very short wavelength and that radiation imprints the pattern onto the photosensitive wafer. By treating the wafer with special gases and acids, the complex circuitry of the mask is etched onto the wafer where it was exposed to ultraviolet light. This process creates a wafer containing hundreds of millions of tiny grooves, which form the outlines of the transistors.
Saturday, August 27, 2011
The colors that we see on the cd/dvd or a hologram is due to Grating
When i was a kid, i always get amused when i saw the holograms and the red, blue, green etc colors on it, and i though where are they come from and also when i see the criled cds/dvd, it always strike me, that where does this colors come on it.
Today while reading the book QED by Dr. Richard P Feynman, i came to know that these are the effects due the grating or diffraction grating.
Today while reading the book QED by Dr. Richard P Feynman, i came to know that these are the effects due the grating or diffraction grating.
Sunday, June 26, 2011
A Glass of Wine ---By Prof. Feynman
A poet once said, "The whole universe is in a glass of wine." We will probably
never know in what sense he meant that, for poets do not write to be understood.
But it is true that if we look at a glass of wine closely enough we see the entire
universe. There are the things of physics: the twisting liquid which evaporates
depending on the wind and weather, the reflections in the glass, and our imagination
adds the atoms. The glass is a distillation of the earth's rocks, and in its
composition we see the secrets of the universe's age, and the evolution of stars.
What strange array of chemicals are in the wine? How did they come to be?
There are the ferments, the enzymes, the substrates, and the products. There in
wine is found the great generalization: all life is fermentation. Nobody can
discover the chemistry of wine without discovering, as did Louis Pasteur, the cause
of much disease. How vivid is the claret(a wine made in France), pressing its existence into the consciousness
that watches it! If our small minds, for some convenience, divide this glass
of wine, this universe, into parts—physics, biology, geology, astronomy, psychology,
and so on—remember that nature does not know it! So let us put it all
back together, not forgetting ultimately what it is for. Let it give us one more final
pleasure: drink it and forget it all!
never know in what sense he meant that, for poets do not write to be understood.
But it is true that if we look at a glass of wine closely enough we see the entire
universe. There are the things of physics: the twisting liquid which evaporates
depending on the wind and weather, the reflections in the glass, and our imagination
adds the atoms. The glass is a distillation of the earth's rocks, and in its
composition we see the secrets of the universe's age, and the evolution of stars.
What strange array of chemicals are in the wine? How did they come to be?
There are the ferments, the enzymes, the substrates, and the products. There in
wine is found the great generalization: all life is fermentation. Nobody can
discover the chemistry of wine without discovering, as did Louis Pasteur, the cause
of much disease. How vivid is the claret(a wine made in France), pressing its existence into the consciousness
that watches it! If our small minds, for some convenience, divide this glass
of wine, this universe, into parts—physics, biology, geology, astronomy, psychology,
and so on—remember that nature does not know it! So let us put it all
back together, not forgetting ultimately what it is for. Let it give us one more final
pleasure: drink it and forget it all!
Fukushima -II
This is my second note in the series of Nuclear Reactors...
As i have promised here i will discuss what went wrong actually there in Fukushima..and by describing that i hope i would able to explain to you what are the hazards that can occur due to a Nuclear reactor.
So let us start this with a piece of news that came from Fukushima( i m taking here somelines from the news that would give us some basic points through which we will able to undestand the whole picture)
" The highest priority was placed on the No. 2 reactor, whose reactor containment vessel is feared to have been damaged in the aftermath of the magnitude-9.0 quake that hit the Tohoku region on March 11."----News 1
"It is feared rising water temperature in the temporary storage pool at the No. 4 reactor will lower the water level in the pool and expose fuel rods, resulting in the leakage of radioactive material into the air."----News 2
"At the No. 3 reactor, on which Tokyo firefighters sprayed water from 2:05 p.m. Saturday until 3:40 a.m. Sunday, pressure within the reactor containment vessel started rising again, forcing TEPCO officials to consider releasing steam in the vessel to lower the pressure, TEPCO said.
Pressure in the containment vessel went up from about 2.8 atmospheres at 1:10 a.m. to 3.4 atmospheres at 4:30 a.m." ----News3
"Water temperatures in storage pools in the Nos. 5 and 6 reactors were 37.1 C and 41.0 C, respectively, as of 7 a.m., and were within or near the target temperature range of 40 C or below, TEPCO officials said.
TEPCO said the number of its workers whose radiation exposure exceeded 100 sieverts increased to seven from six as of 5 a.m. Sunday. The government had raised the upper limit of the radiation exposure for workers at the Fukushima plant from the ordinary 100 sieverts to 250 sieverts as an exceptional measure."-----News4
There are many new things for a Layman out there and evrythings desereve a fair amount of expalantion.....so best method of dicussing anything is asking the question...question,,,question and more questions...so first see the array of all the questions:
from News1:
Question 1: What is a conatinment vessel?
In a layman term a containment vessel is a final barrier to radioactive release.."darr gaye first new se na..."
It is designed, in any emergency, to contain the escape of radiation to a maximum pressure in the range of 60 to 200 psi[citation needed] ( 410 to 1400 kPa). There are lots of things that we can discuss about the containment vessel, you can do the wiki for same..though i wil defintely write my own version...later :)
from News2:
Question 2: Where is this water came from and what is this temporary storage pool?
Spent reactor fuel is extremely radioactive, and its radioactivity also makes it a source of heat. It is needed to be shielded and cooled. This is accomplished by putting the spent fuel in a water storage pool located next to the reactor. Water in the pool conatins large amount of boric acid, which is a heavy absorber of neutrons. Now since there is no means to cooling this water, hence the temperature is rising and the water is evaporated and hence the readiation from this fuel can go to the environment.
Question 3: How the pressure in the containment vessel is increasing?
The pressure inside the containment vessel is increasing due to the increase in temperature. As i have said above it can handle pressure from 60 to 200 psi.
Keep looking in to my notes..there are lots of lots of interesting things..out there..we just need to stop and think...he he he..Feynaman se churaya h yeh dialogue...
Enjoy the exploration...
cyaaa
As i have promised here i will discuss what went wrong actually there in Fukushima..and by describing that i hope i would able to explain to you what are the hazards that can occur due to a Nuclear reactor.
So let us start this with a piece of news that came from Fukushima( i m taking here somelines from the news that would give us some basic points through which we will able to undestand the whole picture)
" The highest priority was placed on the No. 2 reactor, whose reactor containment vessel is feared to have been damaged in the aftermath of the magnitude-9.0 quake that hit the Tohoku region on March 11."----News 1
"It is feared rising water temperature in the temporary storage pool at the No. 4 reactor will lower the water level in the pool and expose fuel rods, resulting in the leakage of radioactive material into the air."----News 2
"At the No. 3 reactor, on which Tokyo firefighters sprayed water from 2:05 p.m. Saturday until 3:40 a.m. Sunday, pressure within the reactor containment vessel started rising again, forcing TEPCO officials to consider releasing steam in the vessel to lower the pressure, TEPCO said.
Pressure in the containment vessel went up from about 2.8 atmospheres at 1:10 a.m. to 3.4 atmospheres at 4:30 a.m." ----News3
"Water temperatures in storage pools in the Nos. 5 and 6 reactors were 37.1 C and 41.0 C, respectively, as of 7 a.m., and were within or near the target temperature range of 40 C or below, TEPCO officials said.
TEPCO said the number of its workers whose radiation exposure exceeded 100 sieverts increased to seven from six as of 5 a.m. Sunday. The government had raised the upper limit of the radiation exposure for workers at the Fukushima plant from the ordinary 100 sieverts to 250 sieverts as an exceptional measure."-----News4
There are many new things for a Layman out there and evrythings desereve a fair amount of expalantion.....so best method of dicussing anything is asking the question...question,,,question and more questions...so first see the array of all the questions:
from News1:
Question 1: What is a conatinment vessel?
In a layman term a containment vessel is a final barrier to radioactive release.."darr gaye first new se na..."
It is designed, in any emergency, to contain the escape of radiation to a maximum pressure in the range of 60 to 200 psi[citation needed] ( 410 to 1400 kPa). There are lots of things that we can discuss about the containment vessel, you can do the wiki for same..though i wil defintely write my own version...later :)
from News2:
Question 2: Where is this water came from and what is this temporary storage pool?
Spent reactor fuel is extremely radioactive, and its radioactivity also makes it a source of heat. It is needed to be shielded and cooled. This is accomplished by putting the spent fuel in a water storage pool located next to the reactor. Water in the pool conatins large amount of boric acid, which is a heavy absorber of neutrons. Now since there is no means to cooling this water, hence the temperature is rising and the water is evaporated and hence the readiation from this fuel can go to the environment.
Question 3: How the pressure in the containment vessel is increasing?
The pressure inside the containment vessel is increasing due to the increase in temperature. As i have said above it can handle pressure from 60 to 200 psi.
Keep looking in to my notes..there are lots of lots of interesting things..out there..we just need to stop and think...he he he..Feynaman se churaya h yeh dialogue...
Enjoy the exploration...
cyaaa
Fukushima -I
An FB friend of mine has pasted a news about the engineers in Japan who were trying very bravely to restore the electricity in a Nuclear power plant in Fukushima, Japan....fortunately, obviously with their iron will and enormous courage(possesing them is a fortunate thing..that what i mean to say by using the word "fortunately") they succeeded in their attempt.
Now i got little curious what does after all happen in these plants?
why are they so necessary for the human civilisation?
how does they work..their inner infrastructure?
how much threat do they contain in case something wrong happen?
Question: Lets us start with what is the nuclear reactor and why we need it?
A nuclear reactor is a device, which is usd to initiate a nuclear chain reaction, its most common use is to generate electricity, large amount of electricty.
Question: How does it generate such a large amount of electricity...and most importantly..is it same as a nuclear bomb...if not then how does it differ from it?
The large amount of electricity is generated through the large amount of heat i.e Thermal Energy which is generated through a Nuclear chain reaction..A common method of harnessing this thermal energy is to use it to boil water to produce pressurized steam which will then drive a steam turbine that generates electricity.
Though both reactors and nuclear weapons rely on nuclear chain reactions, the rate of reactions in a reactor is much slower than in a bomb.
Question: What is this "NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTION"?.......u r keep repating this without ever asking what is this stand for...not good haan...not good...
So let us see..what is this chain, and what is the reaction...and why the word which you left a long time ago..may be someof you recently..i.e. Nuclear...let us take it one by one..
start it from the least favourite one..i.e Nuclear...Nucleus has proton and neutron inside it....(god that i know the moment i came in this world...)..tell me the thing man...ok relax and listen then...
There are some fissile materials (In nuclear engineering, a fissile material is one that is capable of sustaining a chain reaction of nuclear fission!!!!) like Uranium-235 or Plutonium-239, so when the nucleus of these fissile materials absorb a neutron, their nucleus get disintgrated in two or more lighter nuclei...and in this process of disintegration there release kinetic energy, gamma radiation and free neutrons. A portion of these neutrons may later be absorbed by other fissile atoms and trigger further fission events, which release more neutrons, and so on. This is known as a nuclear chain reaction.
The most important and necessary part of this whole thing is coolant..Mostly the water is used as a coolant these water absorb the heat and carried away it form the reactor. Now there can be two things that can happen here....
Either the same water which is used as coolant will be used to move the turbine (ex: boiling water reactor)
or this water will be used to boil another water that will be converted in to steam and hence move the turbine..(in most reactors this method is applied)....basic point here is that the heat generated from the nuclear chain reaction is used to boil water and hence produce pressurized steam for the turbine....thats the whole what is a nuclear chain reaction, how they help to generate the heat and hence electricity....
But in the above explanation there are lots of things that desperately need a fair amount of explantion....
The things are:
A. Fissile Materials
B. Where does the neutrons come from to get absorb by the nucleus of the Fissile materials..
C. What does all happens with the Nucleus of the fissile atom when the nucleus absorb the Neurtons
D. How does the Trubine move through the steam, also what this presurised steam..and how it helps to move the Turbine.
I will explain all these in my next notes.
The one thing that i mnetioned above i.e the hazards that can occur due to Nuclear reactor is get explained in my another Notes "What went worng in Fukushima, Japan"
If you have any question...feel free to ask...
Cya
Now i got little curious what does after all happen in these plants?
why are they so necessary for the human civilisation?
how does they work..their inner infrastructure?
how much threat do they contain in case something wrong happen?
Question: Lets us start with what is the nuclear reactor and why we need it?
A nuclear reactor is a device, which is usd to initiate a nuclear chain reaction, its most common use is to generate electricity, large amount of electricty.
Question: How does it generate such a large amount of electricity...and most importantly..is it same as a nuclear bomb...if not then how does it differ from it?
The large amount of electricity is generated through the large amount of heat i.e Thermal Energy which is generated through a Nuclear chain reaction..A common method of harnessing this thermal energy is to use it to boil water to produce pressurized steam which will then drive a steam turbine that generates electricity.
Though both reactors and nuclear weapons rely on nuclear chain reactions, the rate of reactions in a reactor is much slower than in a bomb.
Question: What is this "NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTION"?.......u r keep repating this without ever asking what is this stand for...not good haan...not good...
So let us see..what is this chain, and what is the reaction...and why the word which you left a long time ago..may be someof you recently..i.e. Nuclear...let us take it one by one..
start it from the least favourite one..i.e Nuclear...Nucleus has proton and neutron inside it....(god that i know the moment i came in this world...)..tell me the thing man...ok relax and listen then...
There are some fissile materials (In nuclear engineering, a fissile material is one that is capable of sustaining a chain reaction of nuclear fission!!!!) like Uranium-235 or Plutonium-239, so when the nucleus of these fissile materials absorb a neutron, their nucleus get disintgrated in two or more lighter nuclei...and in this process of disintegration there release kinetic energy, gamma radiation and free neutrons. A portion of these neutrons may later be absorbed by other fissile atoms and trigger further fission events, which release more neutrons, and so on. This is known as a nuclear chain reaction.
The most important and necessary part of this whole thing is coolant..Mostly the water is used as a coolant these water absorb the heat and carried away it form the reactor. Now there can be two things that can happen here....
Either the same water which is used as coolant will be used to move the turbine (ex: boiling water reactor)
or this water will be used to boil another water that will be converted in to steam and hence move the turbine..(in most reactors this method is applied)....basic point here is that the heat generated from the nuclear chain reaction is used to boil water and hence produce pressurized steam for the turbine....thats the whole what is a nuclear chain reaction, how they help to generate the heat and hence electricity....
But in the above explanation there are lots of things that desperately need a fair amount of explantion....
The things are:
A. Fissile Materials
B. Where does the neutrons come from to get absorb by the nucleus of the Fissile materials..
C. What does all happens with the Nucleus of the fissile atom when the nucleus absorb the Neurtons
D. How does the Trubine move through the steam, also what this presurised steam..and how it helps to move the Turbine.
I will explain all these in my next notes.
The one thing that i mnetioned above i.e the hazards that can occur due to Nuclear reactor is get explained in my another Notes "What went worng in Fukushima, Japan"
If you have any question...feel free to ask...
Cya
Saturday, June 25, 2011
Interesting helium
Helium is a quite an interesting element. Other element when we decrease the temperature the motion of the atoms of the elements decreases and hence they start to freeze and become solid, but not in the case of Helium even you decrease the temperature to 1.15 K (-271.85 C), until we apply the 25 atmosphere of Pressure on it. This pressure make the atoms of Helium squash together and hence there motion decreases to a great extent, and reduce to just the vibration at it own place like a solid.
Now here comes Mr. Layman he has this to say...
"Hey i have this equation PV=nRT, which says that if the pressure increases the tempo will increase then how come Mr. Helium freezing himself at 25 atmospheric pressure."
Now here comes Mr. Layman he has this to say...
"Hey i have this equation PV=nRT, which says that if the pressure increases the tempo will increase then how come Mr. Helium freezing himself at 25 atmospheric pressure."
Water filled balloon burst out when hit the ground
...i was walking on the road and a girl is coming from opposite direction..something hits the ground between us and water spread out..it was a water filled balloon..which just missed it target(guess who is the target!!)...while i coverd some steps.. i started thinking, how this ballonn got ruptured(ahhh u throw something on ground it will break or crash)..yeah that is ok...but why does it rapture...why..
so i analyze the condition by making free body diagram....while i took the bus from peeragadhi to uttamnagar...so i m seeing this that there is this balloon filled with water and it is in the hand of it thrower..thrower throws it with a force..this force compels the balloon to move in the direction of the target....during its jouney through air, the frictional force due to air(this is minimal) and gravitational force get applies on it...when the balloon touch the ground, there is gravitational force downward and the normal force upward, and ofcource frictianl force on the balloons surface, now due these opposite forces the balloon get expanded...so what??.. a gas filled balloon when hit the ground expanded, even a tennis ball get expanded at the time it hits the ground...but what is wrong with this water filled balloon...why does it burst out....
so i analyze the condition by making free body diagram....while i took the bus from peeragadhi to uttamnagar...so i m seeing this that there is this balloon filled with water and it is in the hand of it thrower..thrower throws it with a force..this force compels the balloon to move in the direction of the target....during its jouney through air, the frictional force due to air(this is minimal) and gravitational force get applies on it...when the balloon touch the ground, there is gravitational force downward and the normal force upward, and ofcource frictianl force on the balloons surface, now due these opposite forces the balloon get expanded...so what??.. a gas filled balloon when hit the ground expanded, even a tennis ball get expanded at the time it hits the ground...but what is wrong with this water filled balloon...why does it burst out....
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